Diabetic sugar is a pathology associated with the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the glucose assimilation process.The violation develops due to the absolute or relative failure of the hormone insulin responsible for its processing.Hyperglycemia is found in a patient with diabetes.
This condition is characterized by a constant increase in plasma glucose.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetic sugar belongs to common diseases.It was discovered in almost 6% of the world's population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of patients with diabetes of the first and second species are different in patients.The first type of disease is found in young patients under thirty years.Insulin's violation occurs when the pancreas is damaged by an autoimmune genesis.It has the destruction of ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Most often epidemic mumps, root rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some medicines.
These substances contribute to disruption of the immune response and the appearance of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells on the Langgana islands of the pancreas causes their death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of plasma insulin is normal or increases, but the cells do not perceive it.There are a larger part of such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance occurs for the following reasons:
- Genetic predispositionSSuch patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the likelihood of inheritance of its predisposition increases to 70%.
- ObesitySWith a large amount of fat in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irrational nutritionSWith the prevalence of simple carbohydrates and lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathologySSevere forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stressSIn this state, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some medicinesSA group of medicines that increase the risk of diabetes include: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortexSThis disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, glucose penetration into the cells decreases and its levels increase.
Symptoms of diabetes
- insatiable thirst;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin lesions are slowly healing;
- vomiting;
- constant nausea;
- the smell of acetone from the patient;
- breathing obligations;
- heart rate;
- itching of the skin;
- rapid weight loss;
- Frequent urination;
- Reduction of visual acuity.
When these signs appear, you should consult a doctor immediately to test your blood sugar level.
Diabetes
The pathology, depending on the reasons, is divided into several types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with the lack of insulin production in the body.It is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose in the tissues.Its lack of it occurs due to damage to the beta cells of the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease is common in young people and children.The disease has a sudden onset.His symptoms are expressed as the cells quickly find themselves in a state of hunger.A very high level of glucose is found, often up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered to be Lada diabetes.This is an autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical reduction of insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
In type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.There is an unnecessary level of this hormone in the blood.Cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.Insulin resistance develops in patients.About 90% of all identified individuals with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obese after 40 years.
Among the concomitant diseases are found: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual onset.His symptoms are scarce.Glucose levels increase moderately.Antibodies are not found in pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late calls to the doctor when complications occur.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospitalization.These include the following states:
- HypoglycaemiaSIn this condition, glucose level is sharply reduced.It occurs with insulin overdose, untimely food, physical strain.The patient has hunger, a feeling of shaking in his hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then the mind is broken.
- KetoacidosisSWith it, glucose levels increase.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by reducing appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar comaSIt is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Lactat-acidotic comaSThe condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders due to oxygen starvation.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical attention.
Late complications experience lesions of the vascular and nervous systems.Diabetic angiopathy is a mass damage to blood vessels.It extends to the vessels of each caliber.Microangiopathies cause diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is striking in the vessels of the heart, brain and arteries of the lower limbs.
Diagnosis
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- Blood glucose level;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
In order to identify complications, ultrasound scanning of the kidneys, brain EEG, reooencephalography and the hind vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Diabetes
The doctor's recipes should be strictly observed.Blood sugar and drug treatment are performed with this disease for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood glucose as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevents the development of complications.
Diabetes
Diet is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the dishes, they must contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can't eat |
|---|---|
|
|
* The table presents an incomplete list of products.To compile a proper and complete diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase the concentration of blood glucose.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the total calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories consumed.
- It is necessary to observe a six pillar diet.
In diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, then this only allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only the correction of power is surrounded.
It is preferable to use low -calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, plant fiber and food fiber.
Limit products containing large amounts of animal fat, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
Introduction of insulin is performed according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulins are produced in three types: short action, prolonged, intermediate.
Prolonged medicine is administered once a day.Observing an individual selected scheme for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to compensate for the disease.
Independent level of glycemia
Self -control of blood glucose content is carried out daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this everywhere - at home and at a convenient time.The device helps to prepare a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, to determine the time of insulin and medicines.The measurement reveals hypoglycaemia and helps maintain glucose concentration in normal.
Saharasi
Sugar agents in the tablets are prescribed for the second type diabetes in addition to a diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Sulfonylmochevin derivatives- stimulating the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitates the penetration of glucose into the cells;
- Biguanides- Reduction of glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- reduction of sugar levels, stimulating insulin secretion;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- slows the growth of sugar levels, inactivating enzymes to absorb starch;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improve cell sensitivity to insulin.
In diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and condition in order to avoid abrupt changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes
Patients with diabetes should be constantly monitored with an endocrinologist-it will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase the body's resistance against infections, and patients with type II do not allow obesity to develop.
Conclusion
Diabetic sugar is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications that threaten life develop.If symptoms of sugar occur, you should consult a doctor, not self -esteem.